![]() ![]() ![]() Secondary functions of the club cells include production of pulmonary secretions and as progenitor (proliferating) cells that may repopulate after cell loss and/or injury. P450 is also abundant and highly active in hepatocytes, another cell type responsible for the biotransformation of toxins. Club cells are rich in cytochrome P450, an enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of inhaled and circulating toxins. There are more than 1000 terminal bronchioles in each lung. Bronchioles, which are about 1 mm in diameter, further branch until they become the tiny terminal bronchioles, which lead to the structures of gas exchange. Histologically, club cells are cuboidal epithelial cells that lack cilia but contain microvilli (difficult to appreciate microvilli on histopathology). A bronchiole branches from the tertiary bronchi. Respiratory bronchioles are lined by two types of epithelial cells: ciliated columnar cells and club cells (also known as Clara cells). It travels inferiorly into the superior mediastinum, bifurcating at the level of the sternal angle (forming the right and left main bronchi). It arises at the lower border of cricoid cartilage in the neck, as a continuation of the larynx. Terminal bronchioles transition into respiratory bronchioles. Anatomical Position The trachea marks the beginning of the tracheobronchial tree. Air conduction: Terminal bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles and Alveolar ducts Terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ductsīronchioles open into short segments called terminal bronchioles, which are thin-walled branches of the bronchioles. ![]()
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